WJEC/Eduqas RS for A2/Yr2: Religion and Ethics (DRAFT)

T1 Ethical Thought

consistently? Do we mean they are a priori objective as with mathematical formulae? Is objectivity just an abstract concept that has no real appropriation for the real world? Do we mean they are beyond question or challenge? Or, do we mean that they mean the same for all and can be recognised and followed by all? Is objectivity perceived by all? To each question we may get a different answer as to whether or not ethical statements are objective. There is also the question as to whether ethical statements can really be objective if there are so many theories, or that one theory develops from another; for example, Bradley’s claim that through the dialectical methodology we can arrive at an ultimate answer In general, although not always, the concept of objectivity is associated with the meta-physical and deontological systems, that are a priori , conceptual whereas ethical systems that are more empirically based do recognise some form of subjectivity. Key quote In short, this argument from relativity has some force simply because the actual variations in the moral codes are more readily explained by the hypothesis that they reflect ways of life than by the hypothesis that they express perceptions, most of them seriously inadequate and badly distorted, of objective values. (Mackie) There are several possible conclusions. The most obvious is that ethical statements do reflect objective and absolute truths. Alternatively, ethical statements are merely a ‘sign of the times’, that is, products of human culture. Overall, however, it appears that all we can ascertain is that some ethical statements and positions are objective whereas others are contingent and reflect the need for human interpretation and creativity. Study tip It is vital for AO2 that you actually discuss arguments and not just explain what someone may have stated. Try to ask yourself, ‘was this a fair point to make?’, ‘is the evidence sound enough?’, ‘is there anything to challenge this argument?’, ‘is this a strong or weak argument?’ Such critical analysis will help you develop your evaluation skills.

Key questions In terms of Moore’s claim for objectivity based on intuitionism, what prevents this from simply being Moore’s own subjectivity? Do statements of value really not have any factual meaning? Does the reality of so many different ethical systems really mean that ethics is relative? Can’t there be ‘more’ or ‘less’ true ethical approaches? If something is common sense and/ or true across cultures (don’t commit murder), does that really mean it is objective and absolute? Can scienti c testing really establish what should constitute moral behaviour?

DRAFT

AO2 Activity List some conclusions that could be drawn from the AO2 reasoning from the above text; try to aim for at least three different possible conclusions. Consider each of the conclusions and collect brief evidence to support each conclusion from the AO1 and AO2 material for this topic. Select the conclusion that you think is most convincing and explain why it is so. Try to contrast this with the weakest conclusion in the list, justifying your argument with clear reasoning and evidence.

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